In the current study, we investigated the associations between use of hypnotics and the incidence of heart disease by performing a metaanalysis of observational epidemiologic studies such as case-control studies and cohort studies.Ĭharacteristics of studies included in the final analysis To date, there have been no quantitative meta-analyses regarding this topic. In a cohort study in middle-aged people, regular use of hypnotics was also strongly associated with increased mortality from coronary artery disease. However, another observational study found that use of BZD was associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease. For example, in a 10-year follow-up research of 500 men, there was no significant link between use of hypnotics and the risk of cardiovascular disease. For observational epidemiological studies, the relationship between hypnotics consumption and the risk of heart disease remains controversial. Another in vitro cell study showed that overdose of zolpidem might be associated with the risk of acquired long QT syndrome. reported that diazepam injection could induce adverse effects on cardiovascular parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate in rats. With respect to the risk of heart disease due to hypnotics, previous in vitro laboratory and animal studies have demonstrated a relationship between the use of hypnotics and increased risk of heart disease. Zolpidem is a non-BZD hypnotic drug used for the management of insomnia and can cause common adverse effects including headache, amnesia, and short-term memory loss. However, BZDs are also known to have some side effects, such as confusion, amnesia, and tremors. For example, benzodiazepines (BZDs) have come to play a pivotal role for treating insomnia and are still widely prescribed to manage a sleep disturbance. Sleeping pills can worsen daytime somnolence as well as memory performances. Hypnotics have an alleviating effect on insomnia but can have several adverse effects. As a result, the current intake of hypnotics is estimated to generally range between 3% and 12%, doubling in elderly people. Almost 30% of people worldwide complaint more than one of sleep problems. Ailments of sleep have become one of the critical health problems giving detrimental effects on the quality of life of many people.
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